Примечания

‘См., напр.: SydnorCh.S.Gentlemen Freeholders. Chapel Hill, 1952; McCormick R.P. The History of Voting in New Jersey: A Study of the Development of Election Machinery.

2 Williamson Ch. American Suffrage. From Property to Democracy 1760—1860. Princeton, 1968. P. 22—23; Rozwenc E.C. The Making of American Society. An Institutional and Intellectual History of the United States. Boston, 1972. P. 130; Dargo G. Roots of the Republic. A New Perspective on Early American Constitutionalism. N.Y.—Wash., 1974. P. 137.

3См. подробнее: Бурин C.H. Конфликт или согласие? Социальные проблемы Юга США (1642-1763). М., 1980. С. 85—121; История США. В четырех томах. Т. 1. М., 1983. С. 55-58. 4

Слезкин Л.Ю. У истоков американской истории: Массачусетс, Мэриленд, 1630-1642. М., 1980. 5

Rozwenc Е С. Op.cit. Р. 58—62.

ь Morgan E.S. Inventing the People: the Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America. NY., L., 1988. P. 123.

7 Kelly A.H., Harbison W.A. The American Constitution. Its Origins and Developments. NY., 1970. P. 17—18.

н Паррингтон B.JI. Основные течения американской мысли. М., 1962. Т. 1. С. 105.

9 Там же. С. 120.

Leder L.H. Liberty and Authority: Early American Political Ideology, 1689—1763. Chicago, 1968. P. 52,58.

" Robbins C. The Eighteenth Century Common—Wealth: Studies in the Transmission, Development and Circumstances of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles 11 Until the War with the Thirteen Colonics. Cambridge (Mass.), 1959; Bailyn B. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge (Mass.), 1967.

12 Locke J.

n Bailyn B. Op.cit. P. 35-37.

нЦит. no: Bailyn B. The Origins of American Politics. Cambridge (Mass.), 1968. P. 59.

15 Greene E.B. The Provincial Governor in the English Colonies of North America. Cambridge, 1898: Labaree L.W. Royal Government in America: A Study of the British Colonial System Before 1783. New Haven (Conn.), 1930; Bailyn B. The Origins of American Politics. Cambridge (Mass.). 1968. Chapter 2.

‘ Greene J.P. The Quest for Power: the Lnwci Houses of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776. Chapel Hill. 1963; Pole J.R. Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic. NY., 1966; Bailyn B. The Origins of American Politics; Morgan E.S. Inventing the People.

17 The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. NY., 1970. Vol. I. P. 190-191.

I!< Lcibaree L.W. Conservatism in Early American History. NY., 1962. P. 27.

|,> Becker C. The History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760—1776. Madison, 1909. P. 11; idem. The Unites States: An Experiment in Democracy. NY., 1920. P. 35-36; RossiterC.L Seedtime of the Republic: The Origin of the American Tradition of Liberty. NY., 1953. P. 20; Brown R.E. Middle Class Democracy and the Revolution in Massachusetts; Brown R.E., Brown B.K. Vii^inia 1705-1786; Williamson Ch. American Suffrage. P. 22-23. 20

Williamson Ch. Op.cit. P. 12—13. 21

Dinkin R.J. Voting in Provincial America. A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonics. 1689-1776. Westport (Conn.), 1977. P. 31—34. 22

Dargo G. Op.cit. P. 132. 23

Dinkin R.J. Op.cit. P. 51—52. 24

Main J.T. The Social Structure of the Revolutionary America. Princeton, 1965. P. 270-277. 25

Labaree L. W. Op. cit. P. 4. 26

Dinkin R.J. Op.cit. P. 60. 27

Palmer R.R. The Age of Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800.

2*Main J.T. Political Parties before the Constitution. Chapel Hill, 1973. P. 9.

2y Daniel J.R. Experiment in Republicanism. New Hampshire Politics and the American Revolution. 1741 — 1794. Cambridge (Mass.), 1970. P. 9—10, 22—23.

Lovejov D.S. Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution. 1760—1776. Providence, 1958. P. 18.

'The Works of John Adams. Vols 1-10/ Ed.Ch.F.Adams. Boston, 1850—1856. Vol. 10. P. 282-283.

'2 Documents of American History. Vols 1—2/ Ed.H.S.Commager. NY., 1945. Vol. 1. P. 45.

r Otis J. The Rights of British Colonies Asserted and Proved// Pamphlets of the American Revolution/ Ed.B.Bailyn. Cambridge (Mass.), 1965. Vbl. 1. P. 437—439.

;'1 Ibidem. 5

The Writings of Samuel Adams. Vols 1-4/ Ed.H.S.Cushing. NY., 1968. Vol. 1.

P. 67.

Benjamin Franklin’s Letters to the Press. Williamsburg, 1950. P. 48, 88,110,111,135,136; The Works of Benjamin Franklin. Vols 1-Ю/ Ed.J.Sparks. Boston. 1840. Vol. 4. P. 262, 272, 281, 284, 286, 295, 298; Vol. 7. P. 332. 333, 391, 392, 476, 486, 497.

! 1 he Works of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 4. P. 295. Примечания 36/

sThe Writings of Samuel Adams. Vol. 3. И 262.

;,'lhe Complete Writings of Thomas Paine. Vols 1—2/ Ed.P.S.Foner. NY., 1945. Vol. 1. P. 2. 4,

! Lewis J. Thomas Paine, the Author of Declaration of Independence. NY., 1947. P. 51.

41Jensen M. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution. NY., 1968. P. 669.

4: Пейн Т. Избр. соч. М., 1959. С. 42. 45

Там же. С. 208.

44См.: Согрин В.В. Идейные течения в Американской революции XVIII века. М., 1980. С. 126.

45Текст Декларации см. в кн.: Американские просветители. Избранные произведения в 2-х томах. Т. 2. М., 1969. С. 27—33.

4Ь Цит. по: The American Revolution, Now Revolutionary Was It?/ Ed. G.A.Billias. NY., 1970. P. 20.

47 Цит. по: Фурсенко A.A. Американская революция и образование США.

Глава вторая I

Wood G.S. The Creation of the American Republic. 1776—1787. Williamsburg, 1969. P. 128.

’The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vols 1-21/ Ed. J.P.Boyd. Princeton, 1950-1983. Vol. 1. P. 292.

’The Adams Papers. Ser.I. Diaries. Vols 1—4/ Col.J.H.Butterfield. Cambridge (Mass.), 1961. Vol. 3. P. 352.

AMainJ.T. Political Parties before the Constitution. Chapel Hill, 1973. 5

Szatmctry D.P. Shay’s Rebellion. The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection. Amhers, 1980. P. 37—70.

ь Jameson J. American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement. Princeton, 1926. P. 47, 81—84; Jensen M. The American Revolution Within America. NY.. 1974. P. 74-76.

Douglass E.P. Rebels and Democrats. The Struggle for Equal Political Rights and Majority Rule During the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, 1955. P. 266. 8

AbernethyT.P. Western Lands and the American Revolution. NY., 1959. P. 303. 'The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vols 1-10/ Ed.A.H.Smyth. NY., L., 1905-1907. Vol. 8. P. 604.

"’The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 1. P. 490—492. II

The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine. Vols 1-2/ Ed.P.Foner. NY., 1945. Vol. I. P. 377.

‘-The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Documents on the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780. Cambridge (Mass.), 1966. P. 34, 481; Douglass E.P. Op.cit. P. 15-16. 1

Williamson Ch. American Suffrage from Property to Democracy. 1760-1860. Princeton, 1960. P. 92-115. 14

Jensen M. The American Revolution Within America. P 95-98.

15The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 10. P. 58, 59.

“’The Popular Sources of Political Authority. P 247.

17Main J.T. The Sovereign States. NY, 1973. P. 205.

™ Main J.T. The Upper House in Revolutionary America. 1963—1788. Madison-L, 1967. P. 101, 124-125, 133, 160-161, 187, 188-191. 19

Wood G.S. Op.cit. P. 132-143.

2,,The Popular Sources of Political Authority. P 248. 21

The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution.

См., напр.: Jensen M. The Articles of Confederation: an Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774—1781. Madison, 1963.

23Об их позиции в этом вопросе см.: Согрин В.В. Идейные течения в Американской революции XVIII века. М., 1980. С. 194—200.

24Main J.T. The Antifederalists. Chapel Hill, 1961. P. 266. 25

Letters of Members of Continental Congress. Vols 1—8/ Ed.E.C.Burnett. Gloucester (Mass.), 1963. Vol. 5. P. 305, 478, 504, 536, 547; Vol. 6. P. 41-42, 58. 26

The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vols 1—26/ Ed.H.C.Syrett. NY., L., 1961-

1979. Vol. 2. P 400, 402-404, 408,651,654, 661-665, 670, 671; Vol. 3. P. 114. 27

Ibid. Vol. 3. P. 549.

2S Wood G.S. Op.cit. P. 403. 29

Letters of Members of Continental Congress. Vol. 7. P. 199, 209, 212, 216, 220. 30The Writings of James Madison. Vols 1—9/ Ed.G.Hunt. NY., 1900—1910. Vol. 2. P. 277, 283, 301, 305, 316, 319, 321, 322, 339, 340. 31

Letters of Members of Continental Congress. Vol. 8. P. 492, 505, 517, 554; The Writings of George Washington. Vols 1—39/ Ed.J.C.Fitzpatrick. Washington, 1931 — 1944. Vol. 29. P. 51, 52; The Correspondence and Public papers of John Jay. Vols 1-4/ Ed.H.P.Johnson. NY., L., 1971. Vol. 3. P. 212-215. 32

The Life of Elbridge Gerry. With Contemporary Letters. Vols 1-2/ Ed.J.N.Austin. NY., 1970. Vol. 2. P. 7.

Letters of Members of Continental Congress. Vol. 8. P. 510, 511.

34The Works of John Adams. Vols 1-10/ Ed.Ch.F.Adams. Boston. 1850-1856. Vol. 4. P. 392-397. 55

The Writings of James Madison. Vol. 2. P. 366; The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vols 1-4/ Ed.M.Farrand. New Haven, L., 1966. Vol. 1. P. 422; The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 192. *

The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 218; The Federalist Papers/ Ed.C.Rossiter. NY., 1961.

,7Thc Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 218-219.

,NThe Records of the Federal Convention. Vol. 1. P. 422—423.

9 Beard Ch.A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. NY., 1913. P. 324. 40

Schlesinger A.M. New Veiw Points in American History. NY., 1922. P. 81—83, 184—199; Faulkner H.U. Economic History of the United States. NY., 1928. P. 57—58; Shannon F.A. Economic History ofthe People ofthe United States. NY., 1928. P. 132—136. Main J.T. The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution. 1781 — 1788. Chapel Hill, 1961; Idem. The Sovereign States. 1775—1783. NY., 1973; Idem. Political Parties Before the Constitution. Chapel Hill, 1973; Lynd S. Class Conflict, Slavery and the United States Constitution. Indianapolis, 1967; Jensen M. The American Revolution Within America. NY., 1974; Wood G.S. The Creation of the American Republic. 1776—1787. Williamsburg, 1969; Idem. The Confederation and Constitution. Boston, 1973. 41

Brown R.E. Charles Beard and the Constitution. A Critical Analysis of «An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution». Princeton, 1956; McDonald F. We the People: the Economic Origins of the Constitution. Chicago, 1958.; Rossiter С. The Grand Convention. NY., 1965; Kirk R. The Roots of American Order. La Salle (111.), 1974; Burns J.M. The American Experiment. The Vine Yard of Liberty. NY., 1982; Ketcham R. Presidents Above Party: the First American Presidency. 1788—1829. Chapel Hill. 1984. 42

Eidelberg T. The Philosophy of the American Constitution: A Reinterpretation of the Intentions of the Founding Fathers. NY., 1968.

4’ Hofstadter R. The American Political Tradition and Men Who Made It. NY., 1948. P. 3—17; Commager H.S. The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment. NY., 1977.

44The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. P. 135, 136, 420—422. 45

Ibid. P. 48-51. 46

Ibid. P. 533, 534, 542; The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 504-512; Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States/ Ed. P. L. Ford. NY., 1968. P. 254.

47См.: Согрин В.В. Идейные течения в Американской революции XVIII века. С.262.

4lSThe Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 73. 49

The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. P. 136, 138, 148, 150, 151, 219, 421, 422, 512, 513, 544; The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 184-187. 5,1

The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 563, 564: The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. P. 151. 51

CM.: Ibid. Vol. 1. P .148, 149, 218, 219, 414, 426, 430, 521. 52

The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution. Vol. 1. P. 243. ?;The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. P. 214, 215, 339, 361,

365.

'4The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 2. P. 35; The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 4. P. 609, 619.

13 Зак. Na 2914 Согрин

"The Recoids of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. I. P. 86, 87; Vol. 2. P. 33, 52, 55, 114.

s,'Cm.: Паррингтон В.Л. Основные течения американской мысли. Тт. 1—3. М., 1962-1963. Т. І.С. 376.

'The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. P. 68, 69; Vol. 2. P. 33, 59. >K Ильинский И.П., Мишин A.A., ЭнтинЛ.М. Политическая система современного капитализма. М., 1983. С. 234.

**Ушаков В.А. Америка при Вашингтоне: политические и социально-экономические проблемы США в 1789—1797 гг. Л., 1983. С. 19; Становление американского государства. СПб., 1992. С. 129—130. 60

Конституция США. История и современность. М., 1988. С. 77. 61

Цит. по: Main J. Т. The Antifederalists. P. 166.

62The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vols 1-2/ Ed.J.C.Ballagh. NY., 1970. Vol. 2. P. 433, 438, 442-443; The Papers of George Mason. Vols 1—3./ Ed.R.A.Rutland. Chapel Hill, 1970. Vol. 3. P. 880-881, 916, 972, 981, 989, 1050. wThe Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. II. P. 429.

64The Washington Papers/ Ed.S.Padover. NY., 1955. P. 317-318. 1,5

Cunningham NE. The Jeffersonian Republicans. Chapel Hill, 1957. P. 134. 66

Koch A. The Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson. NY., 1943. P. 122.

67The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 11. P. 429.

“The Writings of Thomas JetTerson. Vols. 1-10/Ed.P.L. Ford. NY., L., 1892-1899. Vol. 6. P. 95.

69The Writings of James Madison. Vol. 6. P. 104—123. 70

Taylor J. A Definition of Parties, or the Political Effects of the Paper System Considered. Phila., 1794.

"‘The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 11. P. 427. 72

Cunningham N.E. Op.cit. P. 147—181.

7’ Fischer D.H. The Revolution of American Conservatism: the Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. NY., 1965. P. 53—70. 74

Bassett J.S. The Federalist System. NY., 1906; Beard Ch.A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democarcy. NY., 1914: Bowers C. Jefferson and Hamilton: A Struggle for Democracy in America. L., 1925; Brown S.C. The First Republicans. Syracuse (NY), 1954. 73

Buel R. jr. Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789—1815. Ithaca (N.Y.), 1972; ZvesperJ. Political Philosophy and Rhetoric: a Study of the Origins of American Party Politics. NY., 1977.

7* The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 6. P. 65—168.; Vol. 7. P. 305—342; Vol. 10. P. 230-340.

:: Ушаков В.А. Америка при Вашингтоне. С. 193-196. 75

Bell R.M. Party and Faction in American Politics: the House of Representatives 1789-

1801. Westport (Conn.), 1973. P. 21, 49-51.

"4 Annals of Congress. 1 Congr., 2 Sess. P. 546—548, 1180-1182. м' Banning I.. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: The Evolution of the Party Ideology. Ithaca; L.. 1978. P. 181-197, 204-205; ZvesperJ. Op.cit. P. 123-135.

Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789—1829. Vols 1-3/Ed. N.E. Cunningham, jr. Chapel Hill, 1978. Vol. 1. P. 254.

42 Annals of Congress. 11 Congr., 2 Sess. P. 1906.

Fischer D.H. Op.cit. P. 172. w Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800-1815/ Ed.H.Adams. Boston, 1877. P. 347, 363.

s- Annals of Congress. 7 Congr., 1 Sess. P. 41.

bhThe Works of Fischer Ames. Vols 1—2/ Ed.S.Ames. NY., 1969. Vol. 2. P. 4. x7 Sharp J.R. American Politics in the Early Republic: the New Nation in Crisis. New Haven. L, 1993. P. 177. 5,8

Political Writings of John Adams/ Ed.G.A.Peak. NY., 1954. P. 170.

The Ada ms-Jefferson Letters. Vols 1-2/ Ed.L.J.Cappon. Chapel Hill. 1959. Vol. 1. P. 255. 90

The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 7. P 49-51. 91

Ibid. Vol. 15. P. 34-56, 60-61, 90-95, 130-135. 92

The Works of Fischer Ames. Vol. 2. P. 130. 93

The Works of Thomas Jefferson. Vols 1—12/ Ed.P.L.Ford. NY., 1904—1905. Vol. 12. P. 136. 44

Burch P.H. jr. Elites in American History. The Federalist Years to the Civil War. NY., L., 1981. P. 68-69, 114-115. 95

A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vols 1 — 10/ Ed.J.D.Richardson. Wash., 1903. Vol. 1. P. 328, 330, 379, 409.

% Risjord N.K. Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson. NY., 1965. 97

Beard Ch. A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy. NY., 1915. P. 356.

9h A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. 1. P. 379 99

The Writings of James Madison. Vol. 8. P. 248, 326, 339, 341, 342. 100

Miller J.С. The Wolf by the Ears. Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. NY., 1977. P. 123. 101

Конституция США. История и современность. М., 1988. С. 96.

"'2 См., напр.: Черниловский З.М. От Маршалла до Уоррена. Очерки истории Верховного суда СИЛА. М., 1982. С. 27-28.

т Ellis RE. The Jeffersonian Crisis. Courts and Politics in the Young Republic. NY., 1971. P. 77-81.

1,14 A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. 1. P. 385.

!0> Prusha F.D. The Sword of the Republic. The United States Army on the Frontier. 1783-1846. L., 1969. P. 60.

,"fr Cunningham N.E. The Prosess of Government Under Jefferson. Prinseton, 1978. P. 128.

A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. 1. P. 343.

Channing /:'. The Jeffersonian System, 1800—1811. NY., 1968. P. 62. I,

rt Fischer I).H. Op.cit. P. 151, 325.

"" Ibid. P. 325. 111

Annals of Congress. 10 Congr., 2 Sess. P. 1497—1498; 14 Congr., 1 Sess. P. 699-703; 13 Congr., 1 Sess. P. 275-285. 112

Life and Correspondence of Rufus King. Vols 1—6/ Ed.Ch.R.King. NY. 1894-1900. Vol. 5. P. 37-38.

Глава третья 1

Tocquille A.de. Democracy in America. Two Volumes in One. NY., 1851. P. 52-55, 187, 191, 192,204-205,211,269,275, 276, 293. 2

Turner F.J. The Frontier in American History. NY., 1920. P. 247—328.

; Beard Ch.A., Beard M.R. The Rise of American Civilization. Vols 1—2. NY., 1927. Vol. 1. P. 542. 4

Паррингтон В.Л. Основные течения американской мысли. Т. 1—3. 1962-

1963. Т. 2. С. 173. 5

Schlesinger А. М. jr. The Age of Jackson. Boston, 1945. P. 133, 142. 6

Hartz L. The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution. NY., 1955; The Genius of American Politics. Chicago. 1953. 7

Benson L. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York As a Test Case. Princeton, 1961.

b Pessen E. Jacksonian America: Society, Personality and Politics. Urbana and Chicago, 1985.

9 Hofstadter R. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. NY., 1948; Hammond B. Banks and Politics in America. Princeton, 1957. Историография джексоновской демократии проанализирована в монографии Н.Н. Болховитинова «США: проблемы истории и современная историография» (М., 1980).

Ashworth J. «Agrarians» and «Aristocrats». Party Political Ideology in the United States 1837—1846. L., 1983; Idem. Slavery, Capitalism and Politics in the Antebellum Republic. Vol. 1. Commerce and Compromise, 1820—1850. Cambridge, 1995; McPherson J.M. Ordeal by Fire. The Civil War and Reconstruction. NY., 1992. P. 24—25. 11

CM.: Ill потов Б.М. Промышленный переворот в США (в 2-х частях). М., 1991. 12

McPherson J.M. Op.cit. P. 10. 15

Ibid. P. 6—15; Puth R.C. American Economic History. Chicago, 1988. P. 142-151. 14

North D. The Economic Growth of the United States. 1790—1860. Englewood Cliffs, 1961.

'' Williamson J.G., Lindert PH. American Inequality. A Macroeconomic History; NY., 1980. P. 36-37.

" Pcssen /:. Op.cit. P. 80—97. 1

McPherson J.M. Op.cit. P. 23.

IS Токвиль А.де. О демократии в Америке. М., 1897. С. 321. 14

См., напр.: Черниловски'и З.М. От Маршалла до Уоррена. Очерки истории Верховного суда США. М., 1982. С. 52.

:о Williamson Ch. American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy 1760—1860. Princeton, 1968. P. 209. 21

Jones M.A. The Limits of Liberty. American History 1607—1992. NY., 1995. P. 136; Formisano R.P. The Transformation of Political Culture. Massachusetts Parties. 1790—

1840-s. NY., 1983. P. 30; McCormick R.L. The Party Period and Public Policy. American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. NY., 1986. P. 164. 22

The Papers of Andrew Jackson. Vols 1—2/ Ed.S. B.Smith et al. Knoxville, University of Tennessee, 1980-1984. Vol. 1. P. 40, 74, 116-117.

25 Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Vols 1—7/ Ed.J.S.Basset, J.F.Jameson. Wash., 1926-1935. Vol. 3. P. 269, 412. 24

McCormick R.L. The Party Period and Public Policy. American Politics From the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. NY., 1986. 25

McGerr M.E. The Decline of Popular Politics. The American North. 1865—1928. NY., 1986. P. 14-15. 26

Pessen E. Op.cit. P .236—243. 21

Burch PH. jr. Elites in American History. Vol.l. The Federalist Year to the Civil War. NY., L., 1981. P. 240-252. 28

Gatel F.O. Money and Party in Jacksonian America// Political Science Quarterly. 1967. №2. P. 235-252. 29

Holt M.F. The Democratic Party 1828—1960// History of U.S.Political Parties. Vols 1—4/Ed.A.M.Schlesinger. jr. NY., 1973. Vol. 1. P. 513. 30

Watson H.L. Liberty and Power. The Politics of Jacksonian America. NY., 1990. P. 236-237.

’’ Van Buren M. Inquiry Into the Origins and Course of Political Parties in the United States. NY., 1967.

'2 Цит. no: Ashworth J. «Agrarians» and «Aristocrats». P. 49. 33

См., подробнее: Маныкин A.C. История двухпартийной системы США 1789-1980 (спецкурс). М., 1981. С. 42—50; Принципы функционирования двухпартийной системы США: история и современные тенденции. Часть 1. Конец XVIII в. - 1917 г. М., 1988. С. 97-120; Van Deusen G.S. The Whig Party// History of U.S. Political Parties. Vol. 1. P. 338—362; Ashworth J. «Agrarians» and «Aristocrats». P. 114—115, 168—171; Idem. Slavery, Capitalism and Politics in the Antebellum Republic. Vol. 1. P 460-465.

National Party Platforms 1840-1972/ Ed.K. Porter and D. Johnson. Urbana, 1974. P. 3, 4, 37.

Legget W. The Devision of Parties// Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy/ Ed.J.L.Blau. NY., 1947. P. 67; Schlesinger A.M. jr. Op.cit. P. 312.

' A C ompilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789—1897. Vols 1-11/ EdJ.D.Richardson. Wash.. 1900. Vol. 2. P. 590.

57 Van Deusen GXJ. Major Party Thought and Theory// New Perspectives on Jacksonian Parties and Politics/ Ed.E.Pessen. Boston, 1969. P. 146-153: Ashworth J. «Agrarians» and «Aristocrats». P. 64—71, 76—77.

;s Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy. P. 22.

59 National Party Platforms. P. 3.

4" Remini R. The Democratic Party in Jacksonian Era// Democrats and the American Idea/ Ed.PV.Kovler. Wash., 1992. P. 43. 41

Cole D.B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson. Lawrence (Kansas), 1993. P. 64-67. 42

История США. В четырех томах. Т. 1. М., 1983. С. 317.

4’ Wilson M.J. The Presidency of Martin Van Buren. Lawrence (Kansas), 1984. P. 123; Milkis S.М., Nelson M. The American Presidency. Origins and Development. 1776—1993. Wash., 1994. P. 134; Van Deusen C.C. The Rise and Decline of Jacksonian Democracy. Huntington (N.Y.), 1979. P. 66—67. 44

J1 иберальная традиция в США и ее творцы. М., 1997. С. 71. 45

Pessen Е. Jacksonian America. P. 218—229; McCormick R.L. The Party Period and Public Policy. P. 210-211. 46

Encyclopedia of American History/ Ed. R.B. Morris. NY., 1976. P. 560. 47

A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Vol. 3. P. 69—93.

4S Schlesinger A.M. jr. Op.cit. P. 324—325; Kelly A. N., Harbison W.A. The American Constitution. Its Origin&and Development. NY., 1970. P. 343. 49

McDonald F. The American Presidency. An Intellectual History. Lawrence (Kansas), 1994. P. 317; Remini R.V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom. NY., 1982. P. 192. 50

Latner R.B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson. White House Politics 1829-1837. Athens, 1979. P. 52. 51

Cole D.B. Op.cit. P. 90. 52

Kleppner P. The Third Electoral System. 1853—1892: Parties, Voters and Political Culture. Chapel Hill, 1979; Formicano R.P. The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827—1861. Princeton, 1971; Holt M.F. Forging a Majority: The Formation of the Republican Party in Pittsburgh. 1848—1860. New Haven, 1969; SilbeyJ.H. The Transformation of American Politics. 1840—1860. Englewood Cliffs, 1967.

5; Fehrenbacher D.E. South and Three Sectional Crisis. Baton Rouge, 1980; Idem. Sectional Crisis and Southern Constitutionalism. Baton Rouge and London, 1995; Foner E. Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. NY., 1980; McPherson J.M. Ordeal by Fire. The Civil War and Reconstruction. NY, 1992; McCormick R.L. The Party Period and Public Policy. NY., 1986; Reid B.H. The Origins of the American Civil War. L., NY., 1996. 54

Foner E. Op.cit. PI9. 55

Fogel R. W, Engerman S.L. Time on the Cross. 2 vols. Boston, 1974. Vol. 1. P. 44. '' Ransom R.L., Sutch R. One Kind of Freedom' T he Economic Consequences of Emancipation. Cambridge, 1977. P. 3—4.

Bancroft F. Slave Trading in the Old South. NY.. 1931. *

Franklin J.H. The Militant South. 1800-1861. Cambridge, 1956. 4

Sycinor Ch.S. The Development of Southern Sectionalism. 1819—1848. Baton Rouge, 1948. P. 95.

ы> The Papers of John C.Calhoun. Vols 1-16/ Ed.W.E.Hemphill, C.N.Wilson. University of South Carolina (Columbia), 1959-1985. Vol. 10. P. 462: Vol. 12 P. 550; Vol. 13. P. 64, 103, 394-396; Vol. 16. P. 348-349.

6! Hofstadter R. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. NY., 1948. P. 68. 62

Tocqueville A.de. Democracy in America. Vols 1—2. NY., 1945. Vol. 1. P. 259-260, 370-373, 390-392, 397.

^ Litwack L.F. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790—1860. Chicago, 1961. P. 16, 29, 79. 64

Ibid. P. 40-43. 65

Wiecek W.M. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca; L., 1977. P. 168-169.

M The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison. Vols 1—4/ Ed.W.M.Merill, L.Ruchames. Cambridge (Mass.), 1975. Vol. 1. P. 540, 563; Vol. 2. P. 138; Vol. 4 P. 3, 75, 89, 651.

67 National Party Platforms P. 7—15.

M McPherson J.N. Ordeal by Fire. P. 88. 69

The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison. Vol. 4. P. 405, 408—409, 496, 567—574. 7,1

Цит. no: Foner E. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. London etc,. 1970. P. 39. 71

The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: Vols 1-9/ Ed.R.F.Basler. New Brunswick (N.Y.), 1953-1955. Vol. 3. P. 462, 477, 479; Vol. 5. P. 52. 72

National Party Platforms. P. 48—49. 73

The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 2. P. 452, 461; Vol. 3. P. 92; Vol. 4. P. 2-3, 16-17. 74

Foner E. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men. P. 41, 45, 63, 140-141, 146-151, 164, 188-189, 269, 281, 290-291, 294-295. 73

The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 2. P. 405, 409, 520, 546-547; Vol. 3. P. 16, 83, 146, 222. 76

Ibid. Vol. 5. P. 371. 77

Ibid. Vol. 2. P. 323. 78

Fitzhugh G. Sociology for the South or the Failure ofthe Free Society. Richmond, 1854. P. 184, 190—191; Idem. Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters. Cambridge, 1960. P. 66, 78-82, 107, 133, 135.

9 Ibid. P. 5, 29-30, 190-198. 207; Idem. Sociology for the South. P. 17, 18, 31, 105, 138-139, 190-193, 202.

,v” National Party Platforms. P. 53—55. 41 Lncydopcdia of American History/ Ed.R.B. Morris. NY., 1976. P. 636. v Маныкин A.C. История двухпартийной системы США. С. 75. s; National Party Platforms. P. 61. 4

Ibid. P. 59.

ss Kelly A. H., Harbison W.A. Op.cit. P. 412-416, 420—422, 437—449.

Sh Ibid. P 430, 440-441, 444-449.

*7 McDonald F. The American Presidency. P. 320.

ss Из новейших работ см.: Foner Е. Reconstruction. America’s Unfinished Revolution. 1863-1877. NY., 1988. P. 179-181, 191; McPherson J.M. Op.cit. P. 494-497; Trefousse H.L. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson: a Comparison// A Crisis of Republicanism. American Politics in the Civil War Era/ Ed.L.E.Ambrosius. L., 1990. P. 112-123.

M Vital Statistics on American Politics/ Ed.H.W.Stanley, R.G.Niemi. Wash., 1992. P. 276.

*' Foner E. Reconstruction. America’s Unfinished Revolution. P. 237. 91

McPherson J.M. Op.cit. P. 530. 92

Jones M.A. The Limits of Liberty. American History 1607—1992. NY., 1995. P. 252.

Глава четвертая 1

Josephson M. The Politicos, 1865—1896. NY., 1938. P. 230. 2

Burch P H. jr. Elites in American History. Vol. 2. The Civil War to New Deal. NY., 1981.

P. 69-71. 5

Мозолин В.П. Корпорации, монополии и право в США. М., 1966. С. 38—41. 4

Puth R.C. Americam Economic History. Chicago, 1988. P.374. 5

Argersinger PH. Structure, Process and Party. Essays on American Political History. NY., 1992. P. 48-57. 6

Kousser M. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One — Party South: 1880-1910. New Haven, 1974. P 55. 7

McGerr M.E. The Decline of Popular Politics. The American North. 1865-1928. NY., 1986. P. 7. 8

McGerr M.E. Op.cit. 9

Burch PH. Jr. Op.cit. Vol. 2. P. 320-321.

Брайс Д. Американская республика. В 3-х частях. М., 1889. Ч. 1. С. 6. 11

Josephson М. Op.cit. Р. 62. 12

Russel F. President Makers. From Mark Hanna to Joseph P.Kennedy. Boston, 1976. 13

Josephson M. Op.cit. P. 151. 14

Dobson J.M. Politics in the Guilded Age. NY., 1972. P. 28-31. 15

McCormick R.P. The Presidential Game. The Origins of American Presidential Politics. NY., 1982. P. 224.

Morgan N.W. From Haves to McKinley. National Party Politics. 1877—18%. NY., 1969. P. 297.

17 Hofstadter R. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. NY., 1948. P. 172.

IS White L.D. The Republican Era: 1869-1901. A Study in Administrative History. NY., 1958. P. 301, 307, 310, 320, 348.

14 National Party Platforms. 1840-1972/ Ed.K.Porter and D.Johnson. Urbana, 1974. P. 114. 20

Ibid. P. 65-67, 76-77, 86-89, 98-99, 114-115. 21

Kirkland EC. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor and Public Policy, 1860-1897. NY., 1967. P. 35, 36. 22

United States Reports: Cases Adjusted in the Supreme Court. NY., Wash., 1876 - Vol. 167. P. 479; Vol. 168. P. 144. 23

The Statutes at Large of the USA. Vol.26. Wash., 1891. P. 209—210. 24

SeagerH.R., Quilick Ch.A. jr. Trust and Corporation Problem. NY., 1929. P. 341—348. 25

United States Reports. Vol. 156. P. 1. 26

Ibid. Vol. 166. P. 290. 27

Koenig L.W. W.Bryan. A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan. NY., 1971.

P. 103.

2X Josephson M. Op.cit. P. 445. 29

De Santis P. Republican Party Revisited. 1877—1897// Guilded Age. A Reapraisal/ Ed.H.W.Morgan. NY., 1963. P. 98. 30

Rothman D.S. Politics and Power: the United States Senate, 1865—1901. Cambridge (Mass.), 1966. P. 4—5, 42—45, 60—61, 74—75. 31

Dobson J.M. Op.cit. P. 33. 32

Конституция США: история и современность. М., 1988. С. 138—155. 33

Фонер Ф. История рабочего движения в США. В 5 тт. М., 1949—1983. Т. 1. С. 190. 34

Сивачев Н.В. Правовое регулирование трудовых отношений в США. М., 1972.

С. 15.

'5 Громаков Б.С. Антидемократическое законодательство США. М., 1957. С. 62-65. *

United States Reports. Vol. 158. P. 564.

,7 Ibid. Vol. 109. P. 3-63.

;b Ibid. Vol. 163. P. 537.

19 Ibid. Vol. 170. P. 213. 4,1

Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. NY., 1955. P. 64. 41

National Party Platforms. P. 90—91. 42

Ibidem.

4: Bellamy E. Looking Backward. Boston (Mass.), 1888; Idem. Equality. NY, 1897. 44

Powderly T. Thirty Years of Labor. 1859 to 1889. Colambus, 1890. P. 453.

Kipnis /. The American Socialist Movement. 1897—1912. NY., 1957. P. 13.

J(’ Ginger R. Eugene Debs: a Biography. NY., 1962. P. 234.

?*’ Де Леон Д. Избр. произв. М., Л.. 1934. С. 4. 14, 79.

п SpargoJ. The Common Sense of Socialism. Chicago, 1911. P. 91. 126: Hilquit M. Socialism in Theory and Practice. NY. 1912. P. 169: Kipnis I. Op.cit. P. 112.

49 Haywood W. The General Strike. NY, 1912. P. 13, 14.

5" См. об этом: Согрин В.В. Идеология в американской истории. От отцов- основателей до конца XX века. М.. 1995. 51

Hofstadter R. Social Darvinism in American Thought. NY., 1944. P. 57. 52

Sumner W.G. What Social Classes Owe to Each Other. NY., 1920. P. 119—120.

5' Ward L. Pure Sociology: a Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society. NY., 1903. P. 16-17. 54

Ward L. Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society. NY., 1906. P. 31.

vS Adams U.S. Relation of the State to Industrial Action and Economics and Jurisprudence: Two Essays. NY, 1954. P. 144—145. 56

Ely R. Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society. NY., 1903. P. 85. 57

Цит. по: Согрин В.В. Идеология в американской истории. С. 125.

5* Croly Н. The Promise of American Life. NY., 1909. P. 26-35.

5'} Smith J.A. The Spirit of American Government. NY., 1907; Beard Ch.A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. NY., 1913.

Wl Weyl W. The New Democracy. NY., 1913. 61

История CIJJA. В четырех томах. Т. 2. М., 1985. С. 246.

ь2 McCormick R.L. The Party Period and Public Policy. American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. NY., 1986. P. 343.

National Party Platforms. P. 144—147.

w Ibid. P. 168-171.

65 Ibid. P. 175-178.

hb Wilson W. The New Freedom. NY., 1913. P. 163, 165-166, 172, 179-180, 192—193, 212-216. 67

Clements K.A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Lawrence (Kansas), 1992. P. 51.

,s Argersinger P.H. Structure. Process and Party. Essays on American Political History. NY., 1992. P. 63.

M /а ГеЬег W.. Polenhcrg R.. W'oloch N. The American Centurv A History of the United Slates Since 1«S90'n. NY.. 1986. P 105

Gould / ./. 'I he PrcMdeikA of I heodoie Roosexelt. l.awienee (Kansas). 1991. P. 213--214.

Kelly A ll . ffarhtson И .A 1 he American Constitution. Its Origins and iXu-lopment. NY.. 1970. P. 609--010.

История США. В четырех томах. Т. 2. С. 252—253.

Milkis S М . Nelson М 1 he American Pre>idency. Origins and Development 1

7 76- 1993. Wash . 1994. P. 20S- 212. Примечания 3/9

Gregg G.L. The Presidential Republic. Executive Representation and Deliberate Democarcy. Lanham, 1997. P. 1 ()()--102.

7> Kelly A. H., Harhison W.A. Op.cit. P. 629.

T<’ Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. NY.. 1955: Goldman E. Rendezvous with Destiny. A History of Modern American Reform. NY., 1956. 77

Kolko G. The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History. 1900—1916. NY., 1963; Idem. Railroads and Regulation. 1877—1916. Princeton, 1965; Idem. Main Currents in Modern American History. NY., 1976; Weinstein J. The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State. 1900—1918. Boston, 1968; Williams W.A. Americans in a Changing World. A History of the United States in the Twentieth Century. NY., 1978. 78

Burch P.H. jr. Op.cit. Vol. 2. P. 202-203.

7‘; La Feber W4 Polenberg R., Woloch N. Op.cit. P. 110-119. 80

Burch PH. jr. Op.cit. Vol. 2. P. 292.

M Hoover H. Challenge to Liberty. NY., 1934. P. 110. 82

Burner D. The Politics of Provincialism. The Democratic Party in Transition. 1918-1932. NY., 1968. P. 131.

Глава пятая 1

См. об этом: Согрин В.В. Новый взгляд на историю западного капитализма// Вестник Российской Академии наук. 1993. № 8. 2

Vital Statistics on American Politics/ Ed.H.W.Stanley, R.G.Nicmi. Wash., 1992. P.410. 3

Roosevelt F.D. Looking Forward. NY., 1933. P. 29, 31—33. 4

Сивачев H.B.< Язьков Е.Ф. Новейшая история США. М., 1980. С. 96. 104—105. 5

Либеральная традиция в США и ее творцы. М., 1997. С. 204. 6

Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

1932-1945. Cambridge, 1946. P. 170. 7

Сивачев Н.В.Ч Язьков Е.Ф. Указ. соч. С. 119. х Там же. С. 141, 161-162, 303-304. *

Puth R.C. American Economic History. Chicago, 1988. P. 593. 10

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. Wash., 1996. P. 332; Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 377. 11

Сивачев H.B., Язьков Е.Ф. Указ. соч. С. 209. 12

Larson A. Republican Looks at His Party. NY.. 1956. P. 117. 131, 147.

Kristol I. Two Cheers for American Capitalism. NY., 1978. P. 30. 56-57. 125.

14 Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 410-411.

и Кланов В Г. Экономический рост США: ретроспектива и перспектива// США. Экономика, политика, идеология. 1998. .4»7. С'. 4-5. 14. 17.

Statistical Abstract of the United States 19%. P. 332-333; Vital Statistics on American Politics. P 357.

r Statistical Abstract ofthe United States 1996. P. 332.

Клипов В. Г. Указ. соч. С. 4.

14 Сивачев Н.В., Язьков Е.Ф. Указ. соч. С. 243.

Парканский А. Б. Экономические позиции США в многополярном мире на пороге XXI в.//США. Экономика, политика, идеология. 1998. №9. С. 6. 21

Clinton W.J. Between Hope and History. Meeting America’s Challenge for the 21-st Century. NY, 1996. P. XII, 9, 27. 22

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 337; Spitzer R.J. President and Congress. Executive Hegemony and the Crossroads of American Government. Phila., 1993. P. 112-113. 23

Богачева О. США: шестой год стабильного экономического подъема// Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 1998. №8. С. 66. 24

Clinton W.J. Op.cit. P. 25. 25

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 373—374; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 461. 26

Рассчитано no: Statistical Abstract of the United States 1960. Wash., 1960. P. 319. 27

Puth R.C. Op.cit. P. 606.

2* Encyclopedia of American Social History. Vols 1—3/ Ed.K.Cayton et al. NY., 1993. Vol. 1. P. 479. 29

La Feber W., Polengerg /?., Woloch N. The American Century. A History of the United States Since 1890's. NY, 1986. P. 543. 30

The American Quarter Century. US Politics from Vietnam to Clinton/ Ed.P.J.Davies. Manchester and NY., 1995. P. 15. 31

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 467. 32

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1960. Wash., 1960. P. 318; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1970. Wash., 1970. P. 323; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. Wash., 1996. P. 467; The New York Times. 30.IX. 1997. 33

Ricci D.M. The Transformation of American Politics. New Haven, 1993. P. 35. 34

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 436. 35

Smeeding T.M. Why the U.S. Antipoverty System Doesn’t Work Very Well// Challenge. January — Ferbuary 1992. P. 31. *

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 472.

37 Ibid. P. 473; The American Quarter Century. P. 17, 18.

;s Зайченко А. С. Социальное обеспечение: пенсии, льготы, пособия// США. Экономика, политика, идеология. 1989. №10. С. 19.

Bernstein М. Social Security. NY, 1987. P. 10. 40

Зайченко А.С. Указ.соч. С. 22. 41

Ronald Reagan’s Weekly Radio Addresses: the President Speaks to America/ Comp.F.L.Israel. Wilmington (Del.), 1987. Vol. 1. P. 1, 9, 10, 22, 85, 90-91, 98-99. 42

Horowitz D.A. Beyond Left and Right. Insurgency and the Establishment. Urbana and Chicago, 1997. P. 302.

J'' The Clinton Presidency. First Appraisals/ Ld.G.Gambell, B.A.Rockman. Chatarn (New Jersey), 1996. P. 112—121. 44

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 391. 45

Ibid. P. 201; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 279.

4b Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 461, 472—473; Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 373, 375, 400: The American Quarter Century. P. 168—171; La FeberW., Polenberg R., Woloch N. Op.cit. P. 551. 47

The New York Times. 26.IX. 1997.

4S Encyclopedia of American History/ Ed. R.B. Morris. NY., 1976. P. 656—657.

49 Encyclopedia of American Social History. Vols 1—3. NY., 1993. Vol. 1. P. 181 — 182,

587.

5" Jones M.A. The Limits of Liberty. American History 1607—1992. NY., 1995. P. 624-629. 51

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 10—11. 52

См.: Баталов Э.Я. Социальная утопия и утопическое сознание в США. М., 1982.

С. 284-286. 53

Beard Ch.A. The Republic. NY., 1943. 54

Schlesinger A.M. jr. The Age of Jackson. Boston, 1945. 55

Nicholas H.G. The Nature of American Politics. Oxford, 1986. P. 9. 56

См. напр.: Dahl R.A. A Pluralistic Democracy in America. Conflict and Consensus. Chicago, 1967; Idem. Polyarchy, Participation and Opposition. New Haven (Conn.), 1971; Idem. Democracy in the United States. Promise and Performance. Boston, 1981; Idem. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven (Conn.), 1989. 57

Dahl R.A. Democracy in the United States. P. 435—445.

5S Berle A. jr. The 20-th Century Capitalist Revolution. NY., 1954; Galbraith J.K. American Capitalism: The Concept of Counterwailing Power. Boston, 1952; Idem. The New Industrial State. Chicago, L., 1967.

54 Bentley A. The Process of Government. Chicago, 1908; Truman D. The Government Process. NY, 1951.

ь" Подробное изложение аргументов защитников политического элитаризма см.: Дай Т.Р., Зиглер JI.X. Демократия для элиты. Введение в американскую политику. М., 1984. С. 34-47.

м Kolko G. Railroads and Regulation. 1877-1916. Princeton, 1965; Idem. The Triumph of Conservatism. NY, 1963. 62

Mills C.R. The Power Elite. NY., 1956; Idem. Power, Politics and People. NY., 1963. 65

Domhoff G.W. The Higher Circles. The Governing Class in America. NY., 1970; Idem. The Powers That Be. Process of Ruling-Class Domination in America. NY., 1979; Idem. The Power Elite and the State: How Policy’s Made in America. NY., 1990.

64 Hartz L. The Liberal Tradition in America. An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution. NY., 1955.

J.F. Сioverning by Consent. Wash., 199.5; Homes Roe N. Governing America: History, Culture. Institutions, Organizations, Policy. Manchester and NY., 1996.

w Parrington V.L. Main Currents in American Thought. Vols 1—3. NY., 1927-1930.

Ellis R.J, American Political Cultures. NY., 1993.

M Ibid. P. 42.

м Дай T.P., ЗигдерЛ.Х. Указ.соч. С. 111 — 112. 70

Там же. С. 144—145. 71

Political Issues in America Today/ Ed.P.J.Davies, F.A.Waldstein. Manchester, 1996. P. 102-104. 72

Wayne S.J. The Road to the W'hite House 1996. The Politics of Presidential Elections. NY., 1996. P. 11, 73

Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. Wash., 1996. P. 287. 74

Политические институты США: История и современность. М., 1988. С. 202. 75

Wayne S.J. Op.cit. P. 65. 76

Edsall T. The New Politics of Inequality. NY., L., 1984. 77

Perspectives on American Government. A Comprehensive Reader/ Ed.W.Lasser. Lexington, 1992. P. 197, 205. 78

Ibid. P. 183.

7V Teixeira R.A. The Disappearing American Voter. Wash., 1992. P. 96.

M Almond G.A., Verba S. The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. L., 1989. P. 338-339. 81

Dahl R.A. Op.cit. P. 120. 82

Nie N.. Verba S., Petrocik J.R. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge (Mass.), 1976; Дай T.P, Зиглер Jl.X. Указ.соч. С. 128—131. 83

Wayne S.J. Op.cit. P. 70—71. 84

Keith BE., Magleby D.B., Nelson С.У., On ?., West lye M.C., Wolfmger R.E. The Myth of Independent Voter. Berkeley, 1992. P. 14; Wayne S.J. Op.cit. P. 73. Наиболее авторитетными источниками данных о партийных привязанностях американцев принято считать два: National Election Studies, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan; General Social Surveys, National Opinion Research Center. 85

Подсчитано no: Vital Statistics on American Politics/ Ed.H.W.Stanley, R.G.Niemi. Wash., 1992. P. 109. 86

Подсчитано no: Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 105; Wayne S.J. Op.cit. P. 78-79. 87

Form W.H. Divided We Stand. Working Class Stratification in America. Urbana, 1985. P. 212, 215.

vs Mayer W.G. Changes in Elections and the Party System: 1992 in Historical Perspective// The New American Politics. Reflections on Political Change and Clinton Administration/ Ed.B.D.Jones. Boulder etc., 1995. P. 40.

M Wayne S.J. Op.cit. P. 79.

Mayer W.G. Op.cit. P. 38—39. 41

Ibidem.

v2 Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 78. 93

Dahl R.A. Op.cit. P. 241.

44 Hrebenar R.J. Interest Group Politics in the United States. NY., L., 1997. P. 198; Statistical Abstract of the United States 1996. P. 198. 95

Hames T., Rae N. Governing America: History, Culture, Itstitutions, Organizations, Policy. Manchester and NY., 1996. P. 217. 96

Hrebenar R.J. Op.cit. P. 15-17. 97

Дай T.P., Зиглер Jl.X. Указ.соч. С. 179. 98

Политические институты США. С. 243. 99

Там же.

т Grant A. R. The American Political Process. L., 1979. P. 163—170; Interest Group Politics/ Ed.A.J.Cigler, B.F.Loomis. Wash., 1991. P 64—70; Hrebenar R.J. Op.cit. P. 82-83; Hames Г., Rae N. Op.cit. P. 207-221.

,,,, Hrebenar R.J. Op.cit. P. 33-65.

,H2 Grant A. R. Op.cit. P. 157-159.

m Baumgatner F.R.,Talbert J.C. Interest Groups and Political Change// The New American Politics/Ed.B.D.Jones. Boulder etc., 1995. P. 100.

UM Hrebenar R.J. Op.cit. P. 4—6. 105

The Clinton Presidency. First Appraisals/ Ed.C.Cambell, B.A.Rockman. Chatam (New Jersey), 1996. P. 215. 106

Тема истории двухпартийной системы США является одной из наиболее изученных в отечественной американистике. В 1970- 1980-е гг. оформилась целая отечественная школа в изучении истории политических партий США. О результатах ее деятельности см.: Маныкин А.С., Никонов В.А., Рогулев Ю.Н., Язьков Е.Ф. Некоторые итоги изучения истории двухпартийной системы США// Новая и новейшая история. 1988. NQ 2. При написании этой главы особое значение для меня имели труды А.С. Маныкина, А.А. Мишина, В.А. Никонова, В.О. Печатнова, Н.В. Сивачева,

Е.Ф. Язькова. 107

Rosenstone S.J. et al. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure. Princeton (New Jersey), 1984.

m Характеристику их позиций см.: Согрин В.В. Идеология в американской истории. От отцов-основателей до конца XX века. М., 1995. С. 195-219.

"'9 History of U.S. Political Parties. Vols 1-4/ Ed.A.M.Schlesinger. jr. NY., 1973. Vol. 3. P. 1946. 110

Seidler M.B. Norman Thomas. Respectable Rebel. Syracuse, 1961. P. 313. 111

Gillespie J.D. Politics at the Periphery: Third Parties in Two-Party America. Columbia (South Carolina), 1993. P 122—127. 1,2

Mayer W.G. Changes in Elections and the Party System: 1992 in Historical Perspective//The New American Politics. Reflections on Political Change and Clinton Administration/ Ed.B.D.Jones. Boulder etc., 1995. P. 32—35.

Mayer W.G. The Devidcd Democrats. Ideological Unity; Party Reform and Presidential Elections. Boulder (Colorado), 1990. P. 83-85.

114 Бьюэлл Э. Архаичны, но адаптивны. О политических партиях США (Сверяясь с классическими оценками)// Полис. 1996. №2. С. 99-100. 1,5

Маныкин А.С., Никонов В.А., Рогулев Ю.Н., Язьков Е.Ф. Некоторые итоги изучения двухпартийной системы США. С. 22; Принципы функционирования двухпартийной системы США: история и современные тенденции. 4.1. М., 1988. С. 10.

1|ь Key КО. jr. A Theory of Critical Elections//Journal of Politics. 1955, Febmary; Burnham W.D. Critical Electionsand the Mainsprings of American Politics. NY., 1970. 117

См. напр.: Sundquist J.L. Dynamics of Party System: Alignment and Realignment in the Unites States. Wash., 1973; Sartory G.A. Party and Party System: A Framework for Analysis. NY, 1976; Clubb У., Flannigan W., Zingale N. Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties and Government in American History. Beverly Hills — L., 1990; Sinclair В. Congressional Realignment, 1925—1978. Austin, 1982; Asher H.A. Presidential Elections and American Politics: Voters, Candidates and Campaigns Since 1952. Pacific Grove, 1992; The American Party System: Stages of Development/ Ed.W.Chambers and W.D.Burnham. NY, 1975; The New American Politics. Reflections on Political Change and Clinton Administration/ Ed. B.D.Jones. Boulder etc., 1995; Aldrich J.H. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago, 1995. 118

Принципы функционирования двухпартийной системы США. Ч. 1. С. 23; Галкин И. В., Маныкин А. С., Печатное В О. Двухпартийная система в политической истории США// Вопросы истории. 1987. № 9. С. 63.

114 The New American Politics. P. 23. 120

Argersinger PH. Structure, Process and Party. Essays on American Political History. NY., 1992. P. 14-18. 121

Ibid. P. 14-18. 122

The New American Politics. P. 24—39. 123

History of U.S. Political Parties. Vol. 3. P. 1950—1951. 124

Roosevelt F. Looking Forward. NY., 1933. P. 21, 35. 125

История Демократической партии США в новейшее время обстоятельно разработана в отечественной американистике. Для меня особое значение имели труды А.С.Маныкина и В.О.Печатнова. См.: Маныкин А. С. История двухпартийной системы США (1789—1980). М., 1981; Он же. «Эра демократов»: партийная перегруппировка в США 1933—1952. М., 1990; Печатное В.О. Демократическая партия США: избиратели и политика. М., 1980. 126

History of U.S. Political Parties. Vol. 3. P. 1947. 127

Ibid. P. 1948.

I2S Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 1932-1945. Cambridge, 1946. P. 394, 424.

I2,) State of Union Messages of the President. 1790—1966. Vols 1—3/ Ed. F.Israel. NY., 1967. Vol. 3. P. 2962.

г'" Ibid. P. 2979. 14

Hamby A.L. Liberalism and Its Challenges: F.D.R. to Reagan. NY., 1985. R 67. 152 Bell D. The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties. NY, 1960.

Liliental D. Big Business: a New Era. NY., 1953; Berle A. jr. The 20-th Century Capitalist Revolution. NY., 1954: Reisman D. The Lonely Crowd. NY., 1954; Lerner M. America as a Civilization. NY., 1957. 1,4

Galbraith J.K. American Capitalism: the Concept of Countervailing Power. Boston, 1952. P. 7, 51, 57, 111-112, 139, 149.

'“Stevenson A What I Think. NY., 1956. P. 3,4, 10-11, 13,22-23, 36, 73,85,96. ,3b Ibid. P. 3-4.

137 Klinkner PA. The Losing Parties. Out-Party National Committees. 1956—1993. New Haven, London, 1994. P. 33—37.

13Х Маныкин А.С. История двухпартийной системы США. С. 232—234. 1,9

Stevenson A. The New America. L., 1957. P. 90—94, 257.

,4° Harris S.E. The Economics of Political Parties. NY., 1962. P. XXXIV, 19, 44-45, 101-102, 110. 141

National Party Platforms. 1840—1968/ Ed.K.H.Porter, D.B.Johnson. Urbana, L., 1968. P. 582-589; Kennedy J.F. The Burden and the Glory. NY., 1964. P. 4-5, 9, 26, 37, 176, 183, 185. 142

Johnson L.B. My Hope for America. NY., 1964. P. 23, 51; Idem. The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency. 1963—1969. NY., 1973. P. 69—72, 87, 103. 143

McCarthy E.J. The Hard Years: a Look at Contemporary America and American Institutions. NY., 1975. P. 61—67. 144

Schlesinger A.M. jr. The Imperial Presidency. Boston, 1973. 145

Маныкин А. С. История двухпартийной системы США. С. 254. l4ft Klinkner P.A. Op.cit. Р. 106. 147

Цит. по: Бобраков Ю.Н. О посланиях президента Конгрессу// США: экономика, политика, идеология. 1978. №4. С. 49. 148

Hart G. A New Democracy: A Democratic Vision for the 1980-s and Beyond. NY., 1983. P. 8, 10-15, 28-29. 149

Reich R.B. The Next American Frontier. NY., 1983. P. 5.

15" Hart G. Op.cit. P. 114. 151

Rotenberg R. The Neoliberals: Creating the New American Politics. NY., 1984. P. 87. 152

McElvaine R.S. The End of the Conservative Era: Liberalism after Reagan. NY., 1987. P. 99.

15’Демократическая партия США в 80-е годы: поиски альтернатив. М., 1988. С. 54-55. 154

Clinton W.J. Between Hope and History. Meeting America’s Challenge for the 21- th Century. NY., 1996. 155

Teixeira R.A. Intellectual Challenges Facing the Democratic Party//The Politics of Ideas. Intellectual Challenges to the Party after 1992/ EdJ.K.White, J.K.Green. Lanham (Md.), 1995. P. 53.

National Party Platforms. P. 339—341.

И7 Ibid. P. 366-367.

|<к Всесторонний анализ эволюции Республиканской партии в 30—40-е годы см. в монографиях А.С.Маныкина. 159

Основные труды: Viereck P. Conservatism from John Adams to Churchill. Princeton, 1956; Idem. Conservatism Revisited. NY., L., 1962 (1-st ed. 1946); Kirk R.A. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Cantayana. Chicago, 1953; Idem. A Program for Conservatism. Chicago, 1954; Idem. The Root of American Order. La Salle, 1975; Rossiter C. Conservatism in America. NY., 1955; Idem. Parties and Politics in America. Ithaca, 1960. 160

Rossiter C. Conservatism in America. P. 13, 15, 28—29. 161

Rossiter C. Conservatism in America. P. 112-114; Kirk R.A. A Program for Conservatism. P. 258. 162

History of U.S. Political Parties. Vol. 4. P. 2991.

M Cm.: The State of the Union Messages of the President/ Ed. F. Israel. NY., 1967. Vol. 3. P. 3020—3022; History of American Presidential Elections. 1789—1968. Vols 1—4/ Ed.A.Schlesinger. jr. NY., 1971. Vol. 4. P. 3443.

IM Larson A. Republican Looks at his Party. NY., 1956. P. 117, 131, 147.

165 Маныкин А. С. История двухпартийной системы США. С. 221.

1М> History of U.S. Political Parties. Vol. 4. P. 2995.

,b7 KlinknerP.A. Op.cit. P. 42. 168

Никонов B.A. От Эйзенхауэра к Никсону. Из истории республиканской партии США. М., 1984. С. 81-84. 169

Goldwater В. The Conscience of a Conservative. NY., 1960. P. 15, 151; History of American Presidential Elections. Vol. 4. P. 3569, 3571, 3675. 170

Donovan F.R. The Americanism of Barry Goldwater. NY., 1964. P. 36, 128, 137-149. 171

White T. The Making of the President 1972. NY., 1973. P. 69. 172

См.: Мелвилъ А.Ю. Социальная философия современного американского консерватизма. М., 1980. 173

Steinfels P. Neoconservatives: the Men Who Are Changing American Politics. NY., 1979. P. 10-15. 174

Lowi T.J. The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States. NY., L., 1979. P. 193—220; Evans M.S. Clear and Present Dangers: a Conservative View of America’s Government. NY., 1975. P. 151, 191—201, 209, 221, 393—405; Huntington S.P. American Politics: the Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge (Mass.), L., 1981. P. 10-12, 14.

173 Transforming Our World: a Call to Action/ Ed.J.M.Boice. Portland (Ore.), 1988. P. 134.

‘7<1 Ronald Reagan’s Weekly Radio Addresses: The President Speaks to America/

Comp.F. L. І масі. Wilmington (Del.), 1987. Vol. 1. P. 1, 9-Й), 22-24, 85, 90-91, 98-99. 102. 117.

Stockman D. The Triumph of Politics. NY., 1987. P. 10.

rs Подробный анализ внутренней политики Р.Рейгана см.: Олеіцук Ю.Ф. Эволюция социальной политики США в 60—80-е годы. М., 1987; Зайченко А.С. Доходы и потребление: американская семья среднего достатка// США: экономика, политика, идеология. 1987. №12; Он же. Доходы и потребление: богатые и сверхбогатые// Там же. 1988. №8; Шмелев Н.Г1., Волков Н.В., Парканскии А.Б. Американская экономика в преддверии 90-х// Там же. №10; Никонов В.А. Рональд Рейган// Вопросы истории. 1989. №2; и др.

Reichley A.J. Republican Ideology and the American Future// The Politics of Ideas. Intellectual Challenges to the Party After 1992/ Ed.J.K.White, J.K.Green. Lanham (Md), 1995. P. 82-83; Mayer W.G. Changes in Elections and the Party System//The New American Politics/ Ed.B.D.Jones. Boulder ets., 1995. P. 19—50.

‘*u Конституция США: история и современность. М., 1988. С. 189.

m Цит. по: Мишин А.А. Принцип разделения властей в конституционном механизме США. М., 1984. С. 34.

1X2 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D.Roosevelt. Vols 1 — 13/ Ed.Samuel L.Rosenman. NY., 1938-1950. Vol. 2. P. 14-15.

183 Schlesinger A.M. jr. The Imperial Presidency. Boston, 1973.

ш Hames Г., Rae N. Governing America: History, Culture, Instututions, Organizations, Policy. Manchester and NY., 1996. P. 72.

IXS Мишин A.A. Государственное право США. М., 1976; Он же. Принцип разделения властей в конституционном механизме США. М, 1984; Политические институты США. История и современность. М, 1988.

м' Murphy P.L. The Constitution in Crisis Time. 1918—1969. NY., 1972.

1S7 Vital Statistics on American Politics. P.276—277; Hames Т., Rae N. Op.cit. P. 78-79.

1X8 Мишин A.A. Государственное право США. С. 175.

т Dahl R.A. Democracy in the United States. Promise and Performance. Boston, 1981. P. 94.

190 Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 278.

ж Ibid. P. 291.

192 Мишин A.A. Принцип разделения властей в конституционном механизме США. С. 66-67. 11,

3 McDonalds F. The American Presidency. An Intellectual History. Lawrence (Kansas), 1994. P. 365. 1.4

Spitzer R.J. President and Congress. Executive Hegemony and the Crossroads of American Government. Phila., 1993. P. 51. 1.4

Wayne S.J. The Legislative Presidency. NY., 1978; Hart J.The Presidential Branch. Elmsford (N.Y.), 1987.

!% Davis J.W. The American Presidency. Westport (Conn.), L., 1995. P. 31.

19 Milkis S.М., Nelson M. The American Presidency. Origins and Development. 1776-1993. Wash., 1994. P. 320-321.

m Dahl R.A. Op.cit. P. 88; Nathan R.P. The Administrative Presidency. NY., 1983. |,w Мишин А.А. Принцип разделения властей в конституционном механизме США. С. 115.

20" Подробнее см.: Самуилов С.М. Президентские кризисы: общее и особенное// США. Экономика. Политика. Идеология. 1989. № 4. С. 24—27.

Ronald Reagan’s America/ Ed.E.J.Schmertz, N.Datlof, A.Ugrinsky. Vol. 1. Westport (Conn.), 1997. P. 341-343; Davis J.W. Op.cit. P. 168-171, 310-311; Milkis

S.М., Nelson M. Op.cit. P. 366-369.

202 Foley A/., Owens J.E. Congress and the Presidency. Institutional Politics in a Separated System. Manchester and NY, 1996. P. 269—270.

2"'' Researching the Presidency. Vital Questions. New Approaches/ Ed.G.C.Edwards, J.H.Kessel, B.A.Rockman. Pittsburgh and L., 1993. P. 297-299. 204

Ibid. P. 315-317. 205

Davis J. W. Op.cit. P. 7.

2‘* Ibid. P. 130.

207 Rivals for Power. Presidential — Congressional Relations/ Ed.J.A.Thurber. Wash., 1996. P. 8-9.

2m Дай T.P., Зиглер JI.X. Демократия для элиты. М., 1984. С. 198. 21,4

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 272—273. 210

The Constitution and American Political Development. An Institutional Perspective/ Ed.P.F.Nardulli. Urbana — Chicago, 1992. P.132—135. 211

Теория государства и права/ Под ред.М.Н.Марченко. М., 1996. С. 126-128. 212

Meier K.J. Politics and Bureaucracy. Policy Making in the Fourth Branch of Government. Pacific Grove (California), 1993. 213

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 218—219. 214

The American Experiment. Essays on the Theory and Practice of Liberty/

Ed.PA.Lawler, R.M.Schaefer. Lanham (Md.), 1994. P. 173-175. 215

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 200—201.

21(1 Congress Reconcidered/ Ed.L.C.Dodd. Wash., 1993. P. 36—37.

2,7 Дай T.P., Зиглер Л.Х. Указ. соч. С. 245. 2,

fi Сахаров Н.А. Конгресс США: практика парламентаризма// США. Экономика. Политика. Идеология. 1989. № 9. С. 17. 2,9

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 212. 220

Ibid. P. 214. 221

Congress Reconcidered. P. 16—17. 222

Foley M., Owens J.E. Op.cit. P. 137—141. 223

Ibid. P. 136. 224

Rivals for Power. Presidential — Congressional Relations. P. 31. 225

Ibid. P.38—39. 226

Политические институты США. История и современность. С. 63. 227

Там же. С. 49-53. 228

Мишин А.А. Принцип разделения властей в конституционном механизме США. С. 71-75. 229

Jones G.S., Martini J.A. The Imperial Congress. Crisis in the Separation of Powers. NY., 1988. P. 7-13, 295-297.

250 Политические институты США. История и современность. С. 120—131.

231 См. напр.: McCloskey R. The American Supreme Court. Chicago, 1960. P. 20; Grant A. R. The American Political Process. L., 1979. P. 139.

252 Spaeth H. Supreme Court Policy Making: Explanation and Prediction. San Fran- sisco, 1979. P. 33. Цит.по: Политические институты США. С. 125. 233

The Constitution and American Political Development. An Institutional Perspective/ Ed.P.F.Nardulli. Urbana — Chicago, 1992. P. 150. 234

Dahl R.A. Op.cit. P 160-163. 235

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 306. 236

Цит. no: Davis J. W. Op.cit. P 334. 237

Ibid. P. 342. 238

Политические институты США. История и современность. С. 141. 239

Vital Statistics on American Politics. P. 290—291. 240

Конституция США: история и современность. С. 172. 241

Там же. С. 175. 242

Кейнс Э. Верховный суд США: арбитр конституционных конфликтов// США. Экономика. Политика. Идеология. 1991. № 6. С. 37-39. 243

Конституция США: история и современность. С. 221. 244

Reagan Legacy. Promise and Perfomance. Chatam (New Jersey), 1988. P. 87. 245

Ibid. P. 88-89; Hames Г., Rae N. Op.cit. P. 128-130. 246

Political Issues in America Today: the 1990-s Revisited/ Ed.P.J.Davies, F.

A.Waldstein. Manchester, 1996. P. 166.